Face ID is a facial recognition system, designed and released by Apple Inc. and will be included in the iPhone X. It was introduced on September 12, 2017 at the Steve Jobs Theater by Phil Schiller and Craig Federighi.
It is meant to replace Touch ID rather than to add another security mechanism. It allows users to unlock Apple devices, make purchases in the various Apple digital media stores (the iTunes Store, the App Store, and the iBooks Store), and authenticate Apple Pay online or in apps.
Face ID works by projecting more than 30,000 infrared dots onto a face and producing a 3D facial map. Apple claimed the probability of someone else unlocking a phone is 1 in 1,000,000 as opposed to Touch ID at 1 in 50,000. If the user's phone has been rebooted, has not been unlocked for 48 hours, or disabled by the user by activating "Emergency SOS", only the passcode can be used to unlock the device and not their face.
Apple has stated that facial recognition information is stored locally in a secure enclave on the Apple A11 Bionic chip and is not stored in the cloud. The system will also not work with eyes closed, preventing access if unattended (though it can be disabled in the Settings).
Maps, Directions, and Place Reviews
Hardware
The TrueDepth camera automatically looks for a face when one wakes iPhone X by raising it or tapping the screen, as well as when iPhone X attempts to display an incoming notification or when a supported app requests Face ID authentication. Once the camera confirms the presence of a face it confirms authentication by detecting that eyes are open and directed at the device, the dot projector on the TrueDepth camera system projects more than 30,000 invisible dots onto the face to build its unique facial map. Subsequently the Flood illuminator uses an invisible infrared light to easier identify the user's face in the dark. An infrared image taken by the infrared camera is used to create a sequence of 2D images and depth maps, which are digitally signed and sent to the Secure Enclave.
To counter both digital and physical spoofs, the TrueDepth camera randomizes the sequence of 2D images and depth map captures, and projects a device-specific random pattern. A portion of the A11 Bionic chip's neural engine, protected within the Secure Enclave, transforms this data into a mathematical representation. It compares it to the enrolled facial data, which itself is a mathematical representation of the user's face captured across a variety of poses.
Facial matching is performed within the secure enclave using neural networks trained specifically for that purpose. Face ID is designed to work with hats, scarves, glasses, contact lenses, and many sunglasses. Furthermore, it is designed to work indoors, outdoors, and even in total darkness. An additional neural network that is trained to spot and resist spoofing defends against attempts to unlock the user's phone with photos or masks. Face ID data, including mathematical representations of one's face, is encrypted and only available to the Secure Enclave.
Id Camera Video
Limitations
Face ID may be prone to abuse by an identical twin. The probability of a false match is different for twins and siblings that look similar as well as among children under the age of 13, because their distinct facial features may not have fully developed.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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